Process for treating carbon dioxide containing gas

ABSTRACT

A process is disclosed for recycling carbon dioxide emissions from a fossil-fuel power plant into useful carbonated species The process primarily comprises the steps of: a) burning the fossil fuel, thereby generating heat and a hot exhaust gas containing CO 2 ; and b) converting the heat into energy. The process is characterized in that it further comprises the steps of: c) cooling the exhaust gas; and d) biologically transforming the CO 2  contained in the cooled exhaust gas into carbonated species, thereby obtaining a low CO 2  exhaust gas and producing useful carbonated species. The low CO 2  exhaust gas obtained in step d) can be released in the atmosphere without increasing the problem of greenhouse effect.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/273,391; filed Oct. 14, 2011 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,769, now allowed, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/586,857; filed Sep. 28, 2009, issued on Nov. 29, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,066,965, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/529,168; filed on Mar. 24, 2005, issued on Oct. 6, 2009 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,596,952, which is a 35 U.S.C. §371 national stage application of PCT Application No. PCT/CA03/01496; filed on Sep. 29, 2003; and claims the benefit of Canadian Application No. 2405635; filed on Sep. 27, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to processes and apparatuses used for energy production in fossil-fuel power plants. More particularly, it concerns a process and a plant for the sequestration of carbon dioxide emissions emanating from fossil-fuel power plants, and for the production of useful carbonated species.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fossil-fuel power plants produce the main part of the energy actually consumed worldwide. Energy is generated from the combustion of fossil-fuels such as coal, natural gas and fuel oil. The use of biomass to fuel the power plant is also within the scope of this invention. Main exhaust gases formed from such processes may be CO₂, SO₂ and NO_(x) depending on the nature of the fuel used. Treatment systems are already available for reducing SO₂ and NO_(x) emissions. However to date, CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel power plants are generally not contained or reduced. These CO₂ emissions thus contribute to increase the atmospheric concentration of CO₂, the most important greenhouse gas. It is known that such an increase in greenhouse gases causes climate changes which could lead to various environmental problems, such as an increase in violent weather events, significant temperature warming in specific areas, changes in the precipitation pattern trends and a rise of ocean level.

Moreover, in the next century, a significant increase of carbon dioxide concentrations is expected, unless energy production systems reduce their emissions into the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration consisting of carbon capture, separation and storage or reuse represents potent ways to stabilize and eventually reduce concentration of atmospheric CO₂.

Several technologies, based on carbon sequestration, are being studied by academic and industrial groups. These are: transformation by algae, sequestration in oceans, storage in depleted oil and natural gas wells and dissolution of pressurized CO₂ in water tables. CO₂ can also be transformed into more geologically stable forms, such as calcium carbonate.

Transformation of CO₂ with algae involves the use of algal photosynthesis. The gas emitted by power stations is thus directly introduced in basins located nearby. The selected algae must therefore support these environments with harsh conditions. The algae produced could be dried up and used as fuel to supply the power station. This approach reduces the required fuel to supply power, but does not eliminate CO₂ production completely.

Sequestration in oceans consists in pumping the carbon dioxide to be disposed of to depths of 1,000 metres below sea level. The technique is based on the fact that CO₂ possesses a higher density than water. It is believed that CO₂ will sink to the bottom of oceans where lakes of liquid carbon dioxide will be formed. However, as yet, the environmental impact of this technology has not been demonstrated (U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,460). Another way is to bring carbon dioxide and seawater or fresh water into contact to form carbon dioxide hydrate and sinking it in the seawater, fresh water or geological formation under conditions for the stability of carbon dioxide hydrate (CA 2,030,391, patent application US 2003/0055117, patent application US 2003/0017088; U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,667).

Oil and natural gas wells are capable of supporting enormous pressures without leakage. They are therefore an ideal location for the storage of compressed CO₂ (patent application CA 2,320,216; U.S. Pat. No. 6,598,398; U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,814; U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,264). In the petroleum industry, the injection of CO₂ in wells to enhance oil recovery is a widely used technique. However, this method only constitutes a temporary storage, since in the medium term, the displacements of the earth crust are capable of bringing about a release of CO₂. Moreover, although there are hundreds of depleted sites around the world, their total capacity is after all limited, and there is an obligation to land case the geological formations involved.

The deep water tables are distributed throughout the globe. They generally include salt water and are separated from the surface water tables which constitute the drinking water supplies. The water contained in these natural reservoirs can dissolve the pressurized CO₂ and even disperse it in the geological formations. However, the implementation of this technology must always imply a strong concern regarding the proximity of the water tables with the CO₂ emission sources.

CO₂ sequestration in solid carbonates and/or bicarbonates has already been reported in Lee et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,437). However, CO₂ chemical transformation into bicarbonate fertilizer requires methane, hydrogen and nitrogen. Kato et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,731) reported CO₂ sequestration into carbon powder. However, methane and hydrogen are required. Shibata et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,013) reported CO₂ sequestration into CaCO₃. However, the chemical process enables CO₂ sequestration into CaCO₃ only. Other carbonates cannot be obtained.

Although some solutions have been proposed in the past for reducing CO₂ emissions in general, few of them have shown to be efficient or commercially viable for different reasons. Moreover, a very few, if not none, of the solutions proposed specifically apply to CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel power plants. Thus, there is still a need for a solution for reducing those CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel power plants. With the general concern throughout the world with respect to the urgency of finding a solution to the problem of emissions of greenhouse gases, this need is even more obvious.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a process and a fossil-fuel power plant that satisfy the above mentioned need.

This process is characterized in that it comprises a step where the CO₂ emissions from the fossil-fuel power plant are transformed by means of a biological process into different useful carbonated species, such as calcium carbonate, a geological natural product.

More particularly, in accordance with the present invention, the above object is achieved with a process for recycling carbon dioxide emissions from a fossil-fuel power plant into useful carbonated species, which process primarily comprises the steps of: a) combustion of a fossil fuel, thereby generating heat and a hot exhaust gas containing CO₂; and b) converting the heat into energy. The process is characterized in that it further comprises the steps of: c) cooling the exhaust gas; and d) biologically transforming at least a portion of the CO₂ contained in the cooled exhaust gas into carbonated species, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ exhaust gas and producing useful carbonated species. The low CO₂ exhaust gas obtained in step d) can be released in the atmosphere without increasing the problem of greenhouse effect.

By biological process, it is meant a process involving the activity of living organisms.

More particularly, the step d) of biologically transforming the CO₂ defined above preferably comprises the steps of: catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the CO₂ contained in the exhaust gas, and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. Then, metal ions are added to the solution, and the pH is adjusted to precipitate a carbonate of that metal. These metal ions are preferably selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, magnesium and sodium ions. More preferably, Ca++ is used and the carbonate obtained is CaCO₃.

The hydration is catalyzed by a biocatalyst capable of catalyzing the hydration of dissolved CO₂ into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. More preferably, the biocatalyst is selected from the group consisting of enzyme, cellular organelle, mammal cells and vegetal cells. Most preferably, the biocatalyst is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof.

CO₂ transformation takes place inside a bioreactor and is performed by a biocatalyst which accelerates the transformation of CO₂ into bicarbonate in an aqueous environment. The bicarbonate can then be precipitated into a stable solid product.

This invention thus proposes the integration of a CO₂ transformation process into a fossil-fuel power plant in order to produce bicarbonate species which are useful by-products, and thereby reducing at the same time the CO₂ emissions. This CO₂ transformation process is based on a biological reactor which enables CO₂ transformation into bicarbonate in an aqueous environment. The CO₂ is then precipitated into a stable solid product, safe for the environment. As can be appreciated, in the present invention, only water, a biocatalyst and a cation source are required for carbon dioxide sequestration.

In accordance with a preferred aspect of the invention, step d) of biologically transforming the CO₂ comprises the step of: feeding liquid H₂O and at least a portion of the exhaust gas, preferably all, into a bioreactor containing therein a reaction chamber filled with the biocatalyst. The biocatalyst is optionally immobilized on solid supports packing the bioreactor or in suspension in a liquid phase. In that latter case, the biocatalyst may be either free in the aqueous liquid phase, immobilized on solid supports or entrapped inside a solid matrix.

The present invention also provides a power plant for producing energy from fossil fuel, and recycling carbon dioxide emissions into carbonated species. The plant comprises a combustion unit for burning fossil fuel, thereby producing heat and an exhaust gas containing CO₂; and conventional means for converting the heat into energy. The plant is characterized in that it further comprises: means for cooling the exhaust gas; and biological means for biologically transforming at least a portion of the CO₂ from the cooled exhaust gas into hydrogen ions and carbonate ions, and means for precipitating carbonated species.

The biological means preferably comprises a bioreactor including a reaction chamber filled with a biocatalyst capable of catalyzing the hydration of dissolved CO₂ into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. The reaction chamber preferably comprises:

-   -   a liquid inlet for receiving an aqueous liquid;     -   a gas inlet for receiving the cooled exhaust gas to be treated;     -   a gas outlet for releasing a low CO₂ gas; and     -   a liquid outlet for releasing a solution containing carbonate         ions.

Also preferably, the precipitation means comprises a precipitation vessel, wherein the bicarbonate ions can react with metal ions and precipitate a carbonate of that metal.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

CO₂ Production in a Fossil Fuel Power Plant

CO₂ is produced during combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or fuel oil (Equation 1). For the purpose of the present invention, fossil-fuel power plant is also directed to power plants using biomass as the fuel. In the case of a coal power plant, the heat released during this combustion is used to heat water and produce steam which then passes through steam turbines coupled to electric alternators leading to electricity generation. In the case of a natural gas power plant, the fuel is burned directly in gas turbines coupled to electric alternators.

$\begin{matrix} {{{C_{x}H_{y}} + {\left( {x + {y/4}} \right)O_{2}}}\overset{\Delta}{\rightarrow}{{x\;{CO}_{2}} + {{y/2}\; H_{2}O}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \end{matrix}$

Other gases may also be produced by combustion, namely SO₂ and NO_(x) given the original sulphur and nitrogen content of the used fuel. These other gases are encountered mainly in coal power plants.

Flue gas exhausting from combustion chambers and containing CO₂ is discharged directly to the atmosphere. In the context of this invention, CO₂ emissions are treated and reduced by a biological process.

In the case of coal power plants, flue gas has first to be cooled in order to have a temperature that does not lead to the denaturizing (free and/or immobilized) of the biocatalyst. Gas cooling is obtained with any type of heat exchanging device, and the recovered energy is preferably used to increase the process efficiency. The heat could, for example, be used to pre-heat the air required for combustion, or to supply energy for additional turbines. The gas is then preferably treated to remove excess ash, SO₂ and NO_(x), in order that the gas be of optimum quality for the biological process. Ash can be removed using units such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters. SO₂ can be removed using scrubber units and NO_(x) using burners or catalytic systems leading to the conversion of NO_(x) to N₂ and H₂O. These units, which are used to remove ash, SO₂ or NO_(x), are already known in prior art and do not need further description.

CO₂ Transformation in a Biological Process

Gas phase containing CO₂ with appropriate level of ash, SO₂, NO_(x) and at appropriate temperature and pressure, is then fed to the biological process, enabling CO₂ transformation into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, and then to useful carbonated species. This biological process is preferably performed in a biological reactor where CO₂ transformation takes place. This transformation is catalyzed by a biocatalyst accelerating CO₂ transformation. The biocatalyst is a biological entity which can transform a substrate in one or more products. The biocatalyst is preferably an enzyme, a cellular organelle (mitochondrion, membrane, etc.), and animal, vegetal or human cells. More preferably, the biocatalyst is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase but may be any biological catalyst enabling CO₂ transformation. CO₂ transformation reaction is the following:

$\begin{matrix} {{{CO}_{2} + {H_{2}O}}\overset{enzyme}{\leftrightarrow}{{HCO}_{\overset{\_}{3}} + H^{+}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \end{matrix}$

This reaction is natural. It is at the basis of CO₂ transportation and removal phenomenon in the human body and in most living beings.

The biological catalyst may be free or immobilized inside the biological reactor. An example of a bioreactor which could be used for biological transformation of CO₂ is described in “Process and Apparatus for the Treatment of Carbon Dioxide with Carbonic Anhydrase” (Blais et al.) (CA 2,291,785; WO98/55210). In this process, carbonic anhydrase is immobilized onto solid supports. Solid supports can be made of various organic and inorganic material and have shapes proper to packed columns. The gas phase containing CO₂ enters at the bottom of the packed column and the liquid phase enters at the top of the column. Both phases flow counter currently and close contact of liquid and gas phases is promoted by a solid support having immobilized enzymes on its surface. Gaseous CO₂ is then transferred to the liquid phase where it dissolves and then is transformed according to Equation 2. The liquid flows in and out of the column and is treated for precipitating the bicarbonate ions produced by the bioreaction.

Another biological reactor with free and/or immobilized enzymes for CO₂ transformation into bicarbonate is the following.

The bioreactor consists of a chamber containing biocatalyst particles. The gas to be treated enters at the bottom of the chamber. A diffusion system is responsible for the uniform distribution of the gas phase at the bottom of the chamber and is designed for minimum bubble diameter. These conditions are required to optimize gas-liquid contact. An agitation device (magnetic or mechanical) can also be used to assure uniform biocatalyst distribution. Liquid phase enables gas dissolution and thus the biocatalytic reaction. In this process, the biocatalyst (preferably carbonic anhydrase, but may be any biological catalyst) is free in the liquid phase and/or immobilized onto a solid support and/or entrapped inside a solid matrix. These particles are moving freely in the liquid and are prevented from exiting the chamber by a membrane or filter. The liquid flows in and out of the chamber and is treated for precipitation of the bicarbonate ions produced by the bioreaction.

As mentioned, bicarbonate ions produced in these two types of bioreactors are preferably precipitated and finally sequestrated. This precipitation is obtained by combining bicarbonate ions to cations. Cations used are preferably calcium, barium, magnesium, sodium or any cation that could lead to the formation of carbonate or bicarbonate salts. As shown in FIG. 2, a potential source of cations is the reagent solution coming out of the SO₂ treatment unit. Bicarbonate ions can also be used directly in other chemical or biological processes.

In summary, CO₂ is to be transformed, for example into calcium carbonate, in the biological process, according to the following reactions: CO₂ dissolved+H₂O

H⁺+HCO₃ ⁻ HCO₃ ⁻

H⁺+CO₃ ²⁻ CO₃ ²⁻+Ca²⁺

CaCO₃

The coupling of the biological process for CO₂ removal and transformation to a fossil-fuel power plant leads to a reduction of CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere and an increase energy efficiency of the plant. Furthermore, the required cooling of the flue gas enabling proper operation of the bioreactor is coupled with energy recovery systems that produce additional power output for the power plant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow sheet of a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, in the context of power plant processes.

FIG. 2 is a flow sheet of a further preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, in the context of power plant processes.

MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a flow sheet where a biological process is integrated to energy generation processes.

In this diagram, the nature of the fossil fuel (10), either coal (12) or natural gas (14), used to power the plant leads to two different branches.

In the case of coal (12), the fuel is burned in a combustion chamber (16); the heat (17) is used to produce steam from water in a heat recovery steam generator system (18). The steam propels turbines and alternators (20) producing electric power. The flue gas (22) exiting the combustion chamber (16) is treated to remove ash, NO and/or SO₂ (23). In the current configuration of power plants, the gas is finally exhausted by a stack (24).

In the context of this invention, the gas (26) is not exhausted at this stage, but rather sent to additional heat exchangers and energy recovery systems (28) to cool it down to an adequate temperature for the biological process. Energy is produced by this step. The cooled gas (30) is then treated in a gas treatment unit (32) to remove additional contaminants that may be harmful to the biological process, and finally, CO₂ is removed by the bioreactor (34) and the low CO₂ gas (36) is blown to the atmosphere.

In the case of natural gas (14), the fuel (14) is burned directly in the turbine (38), and the intermediary step of steam production is not present in the main power production stage, although it may be used in subsequent heat recovery stages. The rest of the process is analog to that of the left branch (coal).

FIG. 2 is a flow sheet schematically showing the integration of the biological process (32) to a SO₂ treatment unit (40).

This diagram shows the cross-linking that may be performed between the biological process, which produces carbonate and/or bicarbonate ions (33), and the SO₂ treatment unit (40) present in the current power plant process. To remove SO₂ from the flue gas (42), a reagent solution (44) is required. An analog solution is also required for the biological process (32). This solution (44), readily available from either sub-processes, may be used in closed loop for both processes.

Experimental Results

The feasibility of treating flue gas from power plant by a biological process has been demonstrated. The lab scale biological process enabled CO₂ absorption and its transformation into CaCO₃. The biological process was performed with a 3 operation units each comprising a 3 L-bioreactor containing 2 L of packing material with immobilized carbonic anhydrase for CO₂ absorption. The units also included two ion exchange columns required for recovering and concentrating the bicarbonate ions and a precipitation and sedimentation vessel for formation and recovery of solid CaCO₃. The bioreactor used was similar to the one described in “Process and Apparatus for the Treatment of Carbon Dioxide with Carbonic Anhydrase” (Blais et al.) (CA 2,291,785; WO98/55210), and was operated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Gas phases with CO₂ concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 12% were efficiently treated with the bioreactor. CO₂ removal rate ranged from 1.47×10⁻⁴ to 4.5×10⁻³ mol CO₂/min. Bicarbonate ions produced were recovered and concentrated in ion exchange columns. The removal of ions enabled the recycling of the CO₂ absorbent used in the bioreactor. A carbonate/bicarbonate rich solution was obtained following regeneration of ion exchangers. A calcium source, CaCl₂ was added to the bicarbonate/carbonate rich solution, conducting to the formation of precipitated calcium carbonate. A carbon mass balance indicated that carbon dioxide removed from the gas was recovered as precipitated CaCO₃.

These results indicate that the biological process can be used to manage CO₂ emissions from power plants. Moreover, valuable products such as CaCO₃ are produced.

Although the present invention has been explained hereinabove by way of preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise embodiments and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process comprising: a) combustion of a fossil fuel or biomass, thereby generating heat and a hot exhaust gas containing CO₂; b) using said heat to produce steam from water in a steam generator; c) cooling at least a portion of said exhaust gas to produce a cooled exhaust gas; and d) reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the cooled exhaust gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ exhaust gas, wherein the step of reducing the amount of CO₂ comprises: contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the cooled exhaust gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein said hydration is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is free in the aqueous liquid phase.
 3. The process of claim 1, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is immobilised on a support which is in suspension in the aqueous liquid phase.
 4. The process of claim 1, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is entrapped inside a solid.
 5. The process of claim 4, where the solid comprises a solid matrix.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is entrapped inside a matrix or immobilized on supports which are mounted within a reactor.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein the steam produced in step b) is used to produce electricity.
 8. The process of claim 7, wherein the steam produced in step b) is provided to a heat recovery steam generator system.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein step d) comprises adding cations to the solution and adjusting the pH of the solution to precipitate a carbonated species of the cation.
 10. The process of claim 9, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, magnesium and sodium ions.
 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of reducing the amount of CO₂ in the cooled exhaust gas comprises biologically removing said CO₂.
 12. A process comprising: combustion of a fossil fuel or biomass, thereby generating heat and a CO₂ containing exhaust gas; using said heat to produce steam from water in a steam generator; reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the CO₂ containing exhaust gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ gas, comprising contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the CO₂ containing exhaust gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein the hydration is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof.
 13. The process of claim 12, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is free in the aqueous liquid phase.
 14. The process of claim 12, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is immobilised on a support which is in suspension in the aqueous liquid phase.
 15. The process of claim 12, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is entrapped inside a solid.
 16. The process of claim 15, where the solid comprises a solid matrix.
 17. The process of claim 12, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is entrapped inside a matrix or immobilized on supports which are mounted within a reactor.
 18. The process of claim 12, comprising adding cations to the solution and adjusting the pH of the solution to precipitate a carbonated species of the cation.
 19. The process of claim 12, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, magnesium and sodium ions.
 20. The process of claim 12, wherein the CO₂ containing gas comprises exhaust gas generated by combustion of fossil fuel or biomass.
 21. A process comprising: pre-treating a CO₂ containing gas to remove contaminants and produce a contaminant reduced gas; reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the contaminant reduced gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ gas, by contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the contaminant reduced gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein the hydration is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof.
 22. The process of claim 21, wherein the contaminants removed are selected from the group consisting of ash, NO_(x) and SO₂.
 23. The process of claim 21, wherein the pre-treating comprises scrubbing the CO₂ containing gas.
 24. The process of claim 23, wherein the scrubbing is performed while cooling the CO₂ containing gas to produce a cooled CO₂ containing gas with a temperature sufficiently low to allow feeding directly into the step of biologically removing the CO₂.
 25. The process of claim 21, wherein the CO₂ containing gas is cooled to a temperature sufficiently low so as to maintain a desired catalytic effect of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analog thereof.
 26. The process of claim 25, wherein the temperature to which the CO₂ containing gas is cooled avoids a given denaturing of free carbonic anhydrase.
 27. The process of claim 25, wherein the temperature to which the CO₂ containing gas is cooled avoids a given denaturing of immobilized carbonic anhydrase.
 28. The process of claim 21, wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof is free in the aqueous liquid phase; immobilised on a support which is in suspension in the aqueous liquid phase; entrapped inside a matrix which is in suspension in the aqueous liquid phase; or entrapped inside a matrix or immobilized on supports which are mounted within a reactor.
 29. The process of claim 21, comprising adding cations to the solution and adjusting the pH of the solution to precipitate a carbonated species of the cation.
 30. The process of claim 29, wherein the cations are selected from the group consisting of calcium, barium, magnesium and sodium ions.
 31. The process of claim 21, wherein the CO₂ containing gas comprises hot exhaust gas generated by combustion of fossil fuel or biomass.
 32. The process of claim 31, wherein heat is removed from the hot exhaust gas prior to reducing the amount of CO₂ contained therein and the heat is recycled.
 33. A process comprising: generating a CO₂ containing gas; ensuring that the CO₂ containing gas has a temperature sufficiently low so as to maintain a desired catalytic effect of carbonic anhydrase or analog thereof; reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the CO₂ containing gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ gas, comprising: contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the CO₂ containing gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein said hydration is catalyzed by the carbonic anhydrase or the analogue thereof.
 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the CO₂ containing gas is subjected to a cooling step.
 35. The process of claim 33, wherein the CO₂ containing gas comprises hot exhaust gas generated by combustion of fossil fuel or biomass and wherein heat is removed from the hot exhaust gas in a heat exchanger prior to reducing the amount of CO₂ contained therein.
 36. A process comprising: generating steam using heat derived from combustion; cooling an exhaust gas containing CO₂ to produce a cooled exhaust gas, said exhaust gas being derived from the combustion; reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the cooled exhaust gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ exhaust gas, wherein the step of reducing the amount of CO₂ comprises: contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the cooled exhaust gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein said hydration is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof.
 37. A process comprising: cooling an exhaust gas containing CO₂ to produce a cooled exhaust gas, said exhaust gas being derived from combustion for producing heat used to generate steam; reducing the amount of CO₂ contained in the cooled exhaust gas, thereby obtaining a low CO₂ exhaust gas, wherein the step of reducing the amount of CO₂ comprises: contacting an aqueous liquid phase with the cooled exhaust gas to cause at least a portion of the CO₂ to dissolve into the aqueous liquid phase and catalyzing the hydration of at least a portion of the dissolved CO₂ and producing a solution containing hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions; and wherein said hydration is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase or an analogue thereof. 